Audit Assurance and Compliance for Accountability- myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theAudit Assurance and Compliance for Accountability Journal. Answer: Utilization of scientific methodology to the budgetary report data of DIPL The fundamental data apparently depends on the different kinds of eh consistence which supposedly depends on the money related report of DIPL. This has been additionally observed to be founded on the advancement relating to the review plan with the different kinds of the rules created in the review procedure. Specifically this has been believed to be useful for the assessor in the thought of the different sorts of the thought made in the review cost according to the aids the abhorrence in the repugnance for misconception of the customer base information. The different parts of the logical information has been additionally observed to be related to the spread of the data dependent on the money related revelations of the organization. The significant part of the procedure has been additionally founded on the particular methodology of the budgetary presentations, monetary experts and bookkeepers for taking crucial business choices (Mahmoud Hosseinniakani, Incio and Mota 2014). The systematic methodology has been additionally considered according to the basic measuring and investigate the reference point. The examination of the budget report has been considered according to the various kinds of the techniques seen to be helpful for various period in various enterprises. The proportion examination of the organization has been additionally observed to be considered according to the money related announcements of the review (Adams and Evans 2004). Clarification of the manner in which the outcomes impact arranging choices for the review Points of interest 2013 2014 2015 Current proportion 1.42 1.46 1.50 Net revenue 0.068 0.60 0.06 Dissolvability proportion 0.62 0.44 0.21 Table 1: Ratio Analysis (Source: as made by Author) The arranging of the choices has been additionally observed to be considered according to the review arranging when vital. The aftereffects of the systematic procedure have been considered according to the order of the fiscal reports according to the pertinent data. For instance, the different kinds of the results of the proportion has been considered according to the current proportion of DIPL. This has been figured as 1.42 in 2013, 1.46 in 2014 and 1.5 in 2015. The primary part of the productivity has been additionally observed to be 0.068 in 2013, 0.60 in 2014 and 0.06 in 2015. The different parts of the productivity have been further ready to uncover that the total compensation earned by the firm has been contrasted with deals from DIPL (Ruhnke and Schmidt 2014). The assessor needs to comprehend the explanation behind high or low costs to diminish the financial plan and time. The different sorts of variances in the proportion are favorable for review appraisal with the adequacy i n the monetary position. Equivalently in 2013 and 2015, the dissolvability proportion is recognized as 0.62 and 0.21(Ghani and Rahman 2015). Recognizable proof of inalienable hazard factors that emerge from nature of business tasks of DIPL The significant part of evaluating has had the option to show a few occurrences of material misquotes in the money related declare with a specific organization. The different sorts of the dangers have been additionally identified with the money related errors with the budgetary presentations of the enterprise. The dangers have been additionally surveyed as money related just as non-monetary variables. In spite of this reality the other related dangers are believed to be connected with exclusion and different blunders, which are additionally observed to be assorted in nature for the activities of business in DIPL (Knechel 2016). According to the given circumstance the different exchanges has been overlooked by bookkeepers. This has been guided consecutively with the irregularities specific to the fundamental arranging with the business action. The delineations produced using the investigation has additionally unveiled about the achievement as far as the benefit created from deals. The investigation off the given case has been additionally observed to be related to the IT usage process identified with specific issues. DIPL isn't satisfactory to deal with the execution procedure and the establishment of the compromise and the testing of new game plan at the year end (Kilgore, Harrison and Radich 2014). The money receipts have been recorded according to the characteristic hazard present in the organization and the equivalent has been suspected dependent on the material misquote thought. Extreme weight on representatives and the executives The abundance work pressure among the individuals and the staff has been additionally identified with poor accounting practice. The different properties has considered according to the poor liquidity, working result and issues in the income (Schmidt, Wood and Grabski 2016). Dangers of blunders or, more than likely off base deception The principle type of the complexities and the mistakes has been distorted all the while (Duncan and Whittington 2014). Uprightness of the whole administration The supervisory group of DIPL supposedly lacks the necessary trustworthiness and the desire to set up the reputational misfortune in the business. Abnormal weight on the board The presence of the impetuses for the administration depends on the issues related to exits motivators for the errors in the financial revelations. Nature of element business-The development in the significant economies has been believed to be serious in this condition. The previously mentioned parts of the inalienable danger of the business have been additionally founded on the thought to break down the arranging structure of the review (Gul, Wu and Yang 2013). Distinguishing proof and clarification of two key misrepresentation chance elements identifying with misquotes emerging from deceitful budgetary revealing Resource Loss The fundamental dangers showed has been considered according to the sum misfortune brought about dependent on the extortion. The disappointment among the workforce depends on the representatives inciting their association in misrepresentation. The different kinds of the thought have been additionally founded on explicit monetary results as far as changing of the assurances produced (Kubuabola 2013). Extortion rate for workforce commitment The principle parts of the extortion hazard has been additionally considered according to the activity of DIPL. The activities of DIPL have been additionally founded on thought of novel bookkeeping framework. The weight from the workers has been believed to be conveyed in the establishment procedure for the upgraded IT frameworks prompting misrepresentation in bookkeeping. The noteworthy of the IT framework has likewise demonstrated that the commitment in the false exercises has prompted the material articulation in the review explanation. The different conversations of the examination have been likewise ready to show that frequency of ill-advised treatment of the IT method and assignment of exchanges toward the finish of consistently. This may additionally prompt misfortune before consistently's over. The various kinds of the conversations of the examination has been further ready to show the different rates related to the inappropriate treatment of the procedure and the IT and the ill-advised allotment of the exchanges during the finish of every year (Christensen, Glover and Wood 2013). Monetary detailing misrepresentation The misrepresentation in the monetary report has been believed to be another significant hazard factor. Now and again, because of exorbitant weight it has been seen that the outside lenders will have the option to proclaim the different sorts of the particular declarations made by the budgetary administration to hold fast to the specific objectives to meet all requirements for the procurement of the obligation. The high idea of the hazard has been additionally observed to be related to the ill-advised monetary contemplations. The budgetary situation of DIPL has been further ready to delineate the various contemplations for the expanding pattern of income from 2013 to 2015.In expansion to this; the current resource of DIPL has expanded to an extensive level. The gross benefit has additionally expanded from 2013 to 2015. The fundamental contemplations of the investigation has been taken with credit adding up to 7.5 million especially in the advance understanding by keeping up current p roportion of 1.5 and the obligation value has been believed to be lower than 1. This specific prerequisite has been identified with the contemplations made as far as ill-advised impression of the budgetary position. The organization flopped as far as the keeping up the endorsed benchmark which will have the option to identify with make the organization qualified for the non-qualified money of BDO (Ackers and Eccles 2015). Inadmissible normal expense According to the contextual investigation, the valuation of the crude materials of the stock has been considered at a specific normal cost which has been not seen to be suitable with the current cost contemplations. This is on the grounds that the expense on paper was more than the normal expense. The hazard related to the fake exercises has been additionally observed to be founded on checking and the assessment of the fiscal report simultaneously (Winer et al. 2015). Reference List Ackers, B. furthermore, Eccles, N. S. (2015) Mandatory corporate social duty affirmation works on, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 28(4), pp. 515550. doi: 10.1108/AAAJ-12-2013-1554. Adams, C. furthermore, Evans, R. (2004) Accountability, Completeness, Credibility and the Audit Expectations Gap, JCC 14 Summer 2014, pp. 97115. doi: 10.9774/gleaf.4700.2004.su.00010. Christensen, B. E., Glover, S. M. furthermore, Wood, D. A. (2013) Extreme estimation vulnerability and review confirmation, Current Issues in Auditing, 7(1), pp. 3642. doi: 10.2308/ciia-50447. Duncan, B. furthermore, Whittington, M. (2014) Compliance with Standards, Assurance and Audit: Does this Equal Security?, in Security of Information and Networks (SIN), 2014 Proceedings of the seventh International Conference on, pp. 7784. doi: 10.1145/2659651.2659711. Ghani, N. L. A. furthermore, Rahman, A. R. A. (2015) An investigation of Shariah review rehearses in islamic banks in Malaysia, Jurnal Pengurusan, 43, pp. 107118. Gul, F.

Challenged To Improve Measurement Standards â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Challenged To Improve Measurement Standards? Answer: Presentation: Computerized showcasing alludes to the utilization of the advanced media to contact the immense number of potential crowds present everywhere throughout the world. On the off chance that you are an online advertiser, at that point computerized promoting is an idea that you should use in your startegies. As various systems are developing with the expanding patterns, I for one observe the requirement for organizations to contact the potential clients for commitment in their items. Advances for the advertisers: As per late news, the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising (IPA) has chosen to work together with Facebook and YouTube alongside ISBA (United Kingdoms promoting organization) to utilize the computerized media for expanding their image mindfulness and commitment to consent to the business level principles. To address their necessities, the IPA persuaded Facebook and YouTube to consent to the standards of the Digital Trading Standards Group (DTSG). Likewise, the two organizations are to satisfy the guidelines set by an outsider for estimating the video promotions (Facebook, Google Challenged to Improve Ad Measurement Standards - eMarketer, 2017). Additionally, for testing the measurements of the video advertisements, the organizations need to focus on the UK crowd for testing purposes. In spite of the fact that the organizations included have chosen to build the commitment related exercises on their foundation, an expanding concern wins for the sponsors of UK if advertising isn't very useful there. Along these lines, I do believe that the worry of IPA is in understanding to the promoters in UK. Promoting bits of knowledge: I have consistently observed that the practically all computerized advertisers don't appreciate the showcasing bits of knowledge from an effective crusade. Most ordinarily, the advertisements conveyed are as a tick boxes where the commitment revealed is constantly lost (Reporting measurements: Getting from intriguing to helpful, 2017). The primary issue with this strategy is the far reaching investigation expected to get detailing. This is the fundamental driver for decrease of the computerized advertisers because of absence of examination. As indicated by me, the outcomes are not so significant but rather the investigation of the information like the commitment and bob rate is significant. The great parts of advertising are in this manner decreased by the awful parts of it. For instance, assume an organization gets internet based life traffic more than the natural traffic. This investigation may lead them to consider utilizing internet based life as it were. On the off chance that it were me, I would apply to expand the natural traffic too by applying different techniques. Errors made in showcasing: The most huge promoting botch made by Nielsen. From 2015, they couldn't quantify the experiences from the individuals on account of updates in programs (Nielsen admits to year and a half of YouTube online appraisals botches - AdNews, 2017). Because of this, the advertisers related with the business have made critical blunders as far as they can tell. To reference such mistakes, the specialists will be liable for reviewing the procedures. In any case, this won't change the way that an inappropriate bits of knowledge influenced enormous number of advertisers. Approach and dodge: As we are going on with the missteps, I can see that you will lose enthusiasm for the advertising business because of their flaws. Honestly, I see the explanation behind such presumptions yet I do accept that one misstep can't conceivable record for the immense chances. It is seen that a business arrives at worldwide clients without the requirement for by and by movement around the world. It very well may be finished by utilizing your PCs too. End: Along these lines, the uses of fruitful bits of knowledge incorporate cautious examination of the reports that are continually appeared inside the continuous execution of an advanced showcasing effort. I surely investigate my battles during they are being appeared. This gives me a specific reports with respect to the progressions that are required in my promotion plan. References: Facebook, Google Challenged to Improve Ad Measurement Standards - eMarketer. (2017).Emarketer.com. Recovered 19 September 2017, from https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Facebook-Google-Challenged-Improve-Ad-Measurement-Standards/1016337 Leeflang, P. S., Verhoef, P. C., Dahlstrm, P., Freundt, T. (2014). Difficulties and answers for showcasing in a computerized era.European the board journal,32(1), 1-12. Nielsen admits to year and a half of YouTube online evaluations botches - AdNews. (2017).Adnews.com.au. Recovered 19 September 2017, from https://www.adnews.com.au/news/nielsen-admits-to-year and a half of-youtube-online-evaluations mistakes#JpgqclmVsZbCFLPl.99 Announcing measurements: Getting from intriguing to valuable. (2017).Campaign Asia. Recovered 19 September 2017, from https://www.campaignasia.com/article/revealing measurements getting-from-fascinating to-helpful/428808

Bad Debt vs Good Debt Whats the Difference

Bad Debt vs Good Debt What’s the Difference Bad Debt vs Good Debt: What’s the Difference? Bad Debt vs Good Debt: What’s the Difference?One helps you increase your net worth, the other means you’re spending beyond your means.If somebody told you that they had taken out $30,000 to get a nursing degree, you probably wouldn’t be too  shocked, right? Sure, $30,000 is a lot of money, but that education will almost certainly be worth it in the long run.But on the flip side, if a person told you that they were $30,000 in credit card debt, you would probably spit out your drink. $30,000 in credit card debt sounds pretty bad, right?Well, hold on a second… Why is $30,000 of credit card debt so much worse than $30,000 of student debt? In either case, you have to pay back $30,000! Aren’t they both equally bad?No. They most certainly are not.And that’s because one of them is considered “good” debt, while the other is considered “bad debt. Let us explain.What is Good Debt?When it comes to good debt versus bad debt, it really comes down to what kind of purchase that deb t is being used to finance.“Good debt is debt that creates some sort of positive return,” says Brad Botes, a bankruptcy attorney, and founder and president of Bond Botes, PC (@bondandbotes). “Debt that reflects an investment such as real estate or home mortgage debt is usually good.”Natasha Rachel Smith, personal finance expert at TopCashBack.com (@TopCashBackUSA) says, “It is perfectly OK to accrue debt when it is manageable and the asset purchased will grow in value each year.”When you buy a house, you are doing so with the expectation that the value of that house will increase over time. When you eventually sell the house, you can sell it for more than you paid for it originally.“Borrowing money with the best interest rate, such as a well-structured student loan or a mortgage are considered good debt. An investment into something that has the potential to grow in value or can generate long-term income is good debt,” says Smith.“The best way to understand the di fference is by asking yourself one simple question, ‘Can you write it off on your taxes?’, if the answer is ‘yes’ then your debt is good debt.”Likewise, taking out loans to pay for college is seen as good debt, because you are (hopefully) increasing your future earning potential. Because your debt is helping you work towards a brighter financial future, it counts as good debt.That’s why, in our earlier example, that $30,000 in student debt doesn’t leave you fearing for your friend’s financial future.Of course, taking out $100,000 in student loans to get a degree in Comparative Snapchat Studies is a different storyWhat is Bad Debt?If good debt is debt that’s used to increase your ultimate net worth over time, then bad debt is debt that, well, does the opposite.According to Smith, “Bad debt results when you purchase things that quickly lose their value or do not generate income. Frivolous spending and credit cards with high-interest rates are bad debt.”Financial expert Harrine Freeman (@harrine), CEO and owner of H.E. Freeman Enterprises, says, “Bad debt has no value and is a liability. Bad debt is usually something you cant afford to purchase with cash so you apply for a loan or credit card to pay for it.”Bad debt includes all consumer debt, such as credit cards and personal loans. That’s why hearing that a friend has $30,000 in credit card debt would make you fear for their financial well-being.Bad debt also generally includes auto debt, as cars do not appreciate in value over time like houses do. As the old saying goes, a car starts losing value the second its driven off the lot.So does that mean that you shouldn’t buy a car? Well, we wouldnt say thatAccording to Gerri Detweiler (@gerridetweiler), head of market education for Nav.com, “Sometimes the line between [good and bad debt] can be blurry. A car loses value the moment you drive it off the lot, but perhaps you need it to get to school or work. Is that bad debt or good deb t?”In the end, “bad” debt can still be an effective tool, especially if you’re using a safe and responsible loan in place of a predatory payday or title loan. It’s all about making sure that you’re using debt responsibly and not spending wildly beyond your means.Smith advises that you “Do not buy things you simply want. Focus on the things you need alongside sometimes treating yourself to the items you want.”Lastly, there’s another way that the term “bad debt” is used that’s a little bit different…Richard Gertler is an attorney and partner at Gertler Law Group, LLC (@gertlerlawgroup). He says, “A bad debt is when the debtor is not paying in a timely manner. A good debt is when the debtor is paying in accordance with the debt payment terms.”“Lenders must consider the risk of not being repaid in determining whether or not to loan money,” says Gertler. “The risk is also considered by the lender in setting the interest rate. The person who shows a pat tern of not timely repaying their debts stands to have higher interest rates or perhaps will be denied the loan.”In this case, it doesn’t matter what kind of debt you have. If you’re not making your payments, that debt is going to become a problem! In addition to the threat of late fees and debt collection agencies, failing to pay your bills can have a very negative impact on your credit. Payment history makes up 35 percent of your scoremore than any other factor!Do good debt and bad debt affect your credit score differently?Having too much debt on your credit report will always have a negative effect on your credit score, but that doesn’t mean that good debt and bad debt affect your score equally.Freeman says, “Yes, these types of debt affect a person’s credit differently Secured debt such as a mortgage or a secured credit card and unsecured debt such as a traditional credit card impact your credit scores the most. Revolving debt such as a credit card impact your credit score next. Installment debt such as student loans impact your credit scores the least.”According to Freeman, “There is no set amount of bad debt that a person needs to have before their creditworthiness is affected because creditworthiness is determined by mathematical calculations and is different for each borrower.”She says that borrowers with a large amount of bad debt are “viewed as a high risk and may have to pay upfront and/or hidden fees, a down payment, a higher interest rate or a balloon payment.”However, as we mentioned earlier, there are many other factors that can lead to debt affecting your creditwhether that debt is good or bad.“Credit scores may take into account different types of debt,” says Detweiler. “For example, a mortgage may have a somewhat different impact than a credit card. But overall credit scores are non-judgmental about the type of debt. They are looking primarily at factors like payment history and debt usage.”Freeman lays out the d ifferent situations where debt can negatively affect your creditworthiness:If your debt-to-income ratio is above 36 percentIf your credit card balance is above 20 percent of the credit card limitIf you made a late payment within the past 6-12 monthsIf your credit card utilization is above 20 percentAccording to Botes, “There is no definite answer to this question but it is fair to say that prospective creditors will look to your debt to income ratio. The higher your debt balance and resulting monthly payments, the lower your creditworthiness.”Your debt-to-income ratio doesn’t measure the amount of debt you have; it measures how much you pay towards that debt each month. If you are putting greater than 36 percent of your monthly income towards debt repayment, that will negatively affect your score.When it comes to your credit score, good debt is better than bad debtespecially if your bad debt is mostly on credit cards. But if you’re really concerned about improving your score , reducing the amount of debt you owe overall is the best way to go.To learn more about debt repayment strategies, check out our blog posts on the Debt Snowball and Debt Avalanche techniques!Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsBrad Botes (@bondandbotes) is the founder and president of each of the Bond Botes, PC law firms, which are located in Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee, managing the team of lawyers since its inception in 1989. He was recently named a Birmingham “Top Lawyer for 2016.”Gerri Detweiler (@gerridetweiler)A credit expert for more than 20 years, Gerri Detweiler has built up a trove of credit resources, from podcasts to articles to books (two of which you can get for free right now). A friend of the OppLoans Financial Sense Blog, Gerri keeps her Twitter account full of all the financial tips and news you need.Harrine Freeman  (@harrine) is a financial expert, speaker, counselor, writer, CEO and owner of H.E. Freeman Enterprises, a financial services company that provides personal finance consulting services such as credit repair, debt reduction, budgeting, saving, planning for retirement and financial literacy education. Harrine is also the best-selling author of “How to Get out of Debt: Get An “A” Credit Rating for Free.” She has made over 150 media appearances as a featured financial expert.Richard Gertler  (@gertlerlawgroup) is a Partner at  The Gertler Law Group, LLC  in Long Island.  Richard is  experienced in helping individuals and businesses with their bankruptcy or business needs.  Richard Gertler has been helping the people on Long Island for over 20 years and is dedicated to giving people the best service possible.Natasha Rachel Smith  (@topcashbackusa) is a personal finance expert at TopCashback.com. Natasha’s background is in retail, banking, personal finance and consumer empowerment; ranging from sales to journalism, marketing, public relations and spokesperson work during a 17-year career period. She’s originally from London, UK, but moved to Montclair, New Jersey, USA, several years ago to launch and run the American arm of the British-owned TopCashback brand; a global consumer empowerment and money-saving portal company.

Holden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye - 1416 Words

It is evident that the protagonist, Holden Caulfield suffers from depression due to the death of his younger brother, Allie in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger. Due to Allie’s death, Holden’s actions elicit his own views of the world and the â€Å"phonies† around him. Holden has tunnel-vision to living a simple, happy life and isolates himself from those around him who understand the concept of growing up. Salinger uses a hat, a museum, and a merry-go-round to illuminate Holden’s emotion, the notion of adulthood, and the reality of growing up. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and the studies of Ego, Superego, and Id are used to show the significance of Holden’s behavior in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger. The unconventional hat that is in Holden’s possession symbolizes his wish to hold onto the simplicity of childhood and separate himself from the â€Å"phonies† that surround him. The hat also comforts Holden in the aspect that it holds onto his brother’s childhood that was lost due to his premature death. Holden is terrified of growing up due to the fact that it leads to the â€Å"phoniness† of adulthood. It is justified throughout the novel that Holden believes no one acts how they truly feel; and it is hard to trust and be trusted. The hat offers Holden â€Å"quite a lot of protection† (213). However, he is not so fond of wearing the hat because he doesn’t want to stand out and draw unwanted attention to himself; causing conflicting thoughts in Holden’s mind that leadsShow MoreRelatedHolden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye1213 Words   |  5 Pages The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger’s protagonist, Holden Caulfield suff ers from depression due to the death of his younger brother, Allie. Allie’s premature passing elicits Holden’s cynical views of the world and the â€Å"phonies† around him.   Holden isolates himself from those around him in order to shy away from the complexities of life. Salinger uses a hat, a museum, and a merry-go-round to illuminate Holden’s inner turmoil with people, the notion of adulthood, and growing up. Sigmund Freud’sRead MoreHolden Caulfield s The Catcher s The Rye 1331 Words   |  6 PagesAre 50’s teens able to survive the hurtful but unavoidable transition of becoming a grown up as they struggle with the changes that come along with it? JD. Salinger’s 1951 book, The Catcher in the Rye, shows us how society treated their confused and changing teenagers during their transition into adulthood. The book’s main character Holden Caulfield is being pressured into growing up even though he doesn’t feel ready, to lead an adult life. He is still struggling socially and mourning for his deceasedRead MoreAn Analysis Of Holden Caulfield s The Catcher s The Rye 900 Words   |  4 Pagesstory The Catcher in the Rye the 16-year-old protagonist, Holden Caulfield, experiences a conflict that makes him want to relive his childhood memories. Holden has so much hatred toward the adult world and he thinks adults are very phony and lame. J.D Salinger delves into the mentality of a boy that hates adult intimacy and sexuality. Holden ends up in a mental institution to recover from his problems and to overcome his fear of adulthood. This novel is set in the early 1950s and Holden is from NewRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Holden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye 1733 Words   |  7 Pagesthe novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is faced with multiple â€Å"phonies† that divert him from those he really holds affection for. Throughout the novel Holden shows disgust for certain characters but his ability to build relationships of intimacy are most eminent. Through Allie Caulfield, Holden is able to make a more personal connection. Seeing as how he is now dead, Allie is a savior in the eyes’ of Holden when he is in the time of need. Phoebe Caulfield, Holden’s tenRead MoreAn Analysis Of Holden Caulfield s The Catcher s The Rye 1941 Words   |  8 Pagesenough; one cannot appreciate the blissful innocence of childhood until it has passed. The novel, The Catcher in the Rye, explores the complex and often incomprehensible transition to adulthood through the experiences of the protagonist, Holden Caulfield. J.D. Salinger uses Holden’s character to express the challenges teenagers must overcome in order to adapt and succeed in an adult society. Holden outlines the challenges he is experiencing through this time of development by striving to preserve childhoodRead MoreHolden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye1493 Words   |  6 PagesJerome David Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, describes Holden Caulfield’s journey to understand the complexities of growing up and his purpose. In the beginning, he is in a mental hospital somewhere near Los Angeles and is writing about this â€Å"madman stuff† to a psychoanalyst. Holden flunked out of Pencey Prep and leaves his dormitory to go on a journey around New York to find his way through post-war New York society. At the same time, he is suffering from depression and is on the vergeRead MoreHolden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye824 Words   |  4 PagesThe Catcher in the Rye Symbolism Essay J.D Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye, is the story of Holden Caulfield’s loss of faith in society, and in particular adults. Salinger uses a number of symbols to demonstrate Holden’s rebellion against the phony facade of society and his desire to preserve the innocence of children, especially those he loves. Chief among them is Holden’s misinterpretation of Robert Burns’ poem â€Å"Comin thro’ the Rye†, wherein Holden mistakes the original line, â€Å"If a body meet aRead MoreHolden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye1928 Words   |  8 PagesIn The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield’s story is seemingly aimless and without any sense of direction. However, Salinger brings the novel into focus in the final chapters by introducing the idea of being the â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† from the poem by Robert Burns. Salinger chose the name â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† for the title of his novel, but why? The a nswer is that Salinger wanted to emphasize the connection between Holden, the main character, and the cryptic â€Å"Catcher.† Holden confessesRead MoreAnalysis Of Holden Caulfield s The Catcher Rye 1308 Words   |  6 Pagesscratch, while others perish into the rubble. The same can be said for Holden Caulfield, the protagonist of J.D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye, a teenager that suffers and wallow in his misery behind the scene’s, yet lives a life of luxury and debauchery for all to witness. Psychoanalytical theory operates as a catalyst in analyzing and understanding Holden Caulfield in the narrative of The Catcher in the Rye. Holden is introduced as a defeatist, juvenile youngster that has just failed outRead MoreHolden s Influence On Holden Caulfield s The Catcher s The Rye 846 Words   |  4 Pagesforces that interact with one another greatly. For example, in The Catcher in the Rye, these two influences affect Holden Caulfield significantly. They have a large impact on how he views the world and other people. Whilst Holden â€Å"served the author’s purpose: to scrutinize the cruelties and banalities† of society, The Catcher in the Rye remains a work that may helps others understand the path to happiness (Coles). A concept Holden had observed from the start of the novel was the materialism and egotism

The Epic of Gilgamesh - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 431 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Gilgamesh Essay Did you like this example? Antique history depict various accounts,some made on a fantasy and some reliant on reality. Old Mesopotamia has a great deal of stories and tragically parcel of these accounts revolve around a man named Gilgamesh. The Epic of Gilgamesh, is about a current mans life story. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Epic of Gilgamesh" essay for you Create order All through the story, Gilgamesh fights with the possibility of his own mortality and decreases to believe that his life will achieve an end. Being 66% god, he considers himself to be a celestial taking after creature. In the long run in any case, Gilgamesh gets knowledge on his voyage to discover vast and awful that comprehends that his goal is unimaginable. His alarming perspective obliges him to recognize his most exceedingly horrendous fear that sooner or later he will keep running into death. The author presents Gilgamesh in the past, the high dividers of the city he constructed are as of now old. In the meantime, he proposes that the story is in Gilgameshs very own words, and that the unbelievable ruler himself recorded it. Gilgameshs story remembers authentic individuals and deeds, and in the meantime, Gilgameshs section through courage, sadness, and insight is a ceaseless, all inclusive procedure. The tale of Gilgamesh is both immortal and quick. In Gilgameshs youth, he was a ruler and was, for the most part, idolized by the inhabitants of the city of Uruk. At the present time, passing did not concern him. He lived just as he were resistant. Later in the epic, a persuasive man named Enkidu shows up in Uruk and helps put Gilgameshs ability into leveling. Together Enkidu and Gilgamesh set out on encounters and achieve various achievements; regardless, one cant ignore why Enkidu was put forth in any defense. Enkidu was sent to Gilgamesh since his ability was surpassing its cutoff points and Gilgamesh would not disregard women. Despite the fact that an outstanding ruler, Gilgamesh is at one point portrayed as an asking for ruler that ignores the wants of his subjects and ambushes women anyway he sees fit. In such way, does Gilgamesh quality relentlessness regardless? This more significant philosophical request must be tended to before one begins to fathom why everlasting status is a trouble for Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh may have made this request, which may have affected him to consider his own one of a kind benefit of being undying. These reflection sort out his fear that he would fail miserably basically like the all inclusive community he unfeelingly driven over. Toward the days end, the uncertainty of his moral quality may have driven his central goal for his substainable youth. The Epic of Gilgamesh - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 358 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Both the historical characters come within the realm of mythology and legend. Their fame is attributable to legend. Both men hold high places in the folk lore of many a centuries ago. Both are credited with stories of valor and heroism. Both these legendary figures possessed extraordinary physical powers gifted to them by the gods. Both the stories were initially written in the form of epic poems serenading their respective heroes. Gilgamesh was the Babylonian king of Uruk (modern day Iraq). The people of the city prayed to the sky god Anu to provide them relief from the tyranny of Gilgamesh. One might wonder at this strange situation. On the one hand those who were ruled by Gilgamesh prayed for succor from his oppressive and harsh rule. On the other hand he assumes the role of the hero of the story. Obviously there has to be a character transformation or else the change is for simply giving a twist to the story in order to create interest. This contradiction can be a subject for research which is outside the scope of this brief paper. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Epic of Gilgamesh" essay for you Create order The sky god provides relief in the form of a man named Enkidu who has phenomenal strength. He is to serve as a check on the desires of Gilgamesh. The two men have a bout and since no one emerges as a clear winner they become friends and travel together sharing many adventures. They slay wild beasts and soon their reputation reaches far and wide. Back in Uruk the two men kill the Bull of Heaven sent by Ishtar to destroy the city as Gilgamesh does not return her overtures for a courtship. The gods doom Enkidu to death. A brief quote from a book is reproduced below: Through the medium of a dream, Enkidu learns that he has been singled out for punishment. After Enkidus death Gilgamesh becomes disconsolate. He seeks the secret of immortality from the sage Utnapishtim. Gilgamesh however cannot retrieve the sea plant which has the properties of immortality as the plant is devoured by a serpent. He returns crest fallen to Uruk to live out his remaining life there.

Scapegoating Free Essays

Scapegoating, (v, act of singling out any party for unmerited, negative treatment) has been around since the biblical days, and still exists in many different forms today. Although there are many reasons a person or group of people may have for choosing a scapegoat, the bottom line is the simple fact that the â€Å"blamer† does not want to accept responsibility for their own actions or feelings. Whether fueled by hostility, aggression, frustration or jealousy, the scapegoat is singled out as the cause of those unwanted feelings, and for any trouble that may come up along the way. We will write a custom essay sample on Scapegoating or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scapegoating can happen anywhere from right at home within the family, right up the line to various issues within society and politics. Within the home, although most people view this to be their â€Å"safe place,† this may not be the case for some. There are many families that either knowingly or unknowingly pick one member of the family to be the scapegoat. This person will bear the brunt of most or sometimes all family members’ anger and frustrations. There are different factors that contribute to how this person is chosen, such as: being viewed to be weaker, they may have traits of un liked relative or friend of the family, or many other unknown reasons. Eventually, this person will begin to accept this to be their lot in life, and begin to accept the blame as reality. This will lead to emotional, behavioral, and social problems, as well as lead to low self- confidence and low self -worth. Another common place to see issues of scapegoating or bullying would be within society and politics. Some societies will place the blame for certain social problems on certain groups. There are places in the world that label specific tribes or ethnicities as the cause for what is going on. Countries will put the blame for government issues onto the President, or Prime Minister. The leader of these countries will then in turn use scapegoating to distract from more serious, underlying issues by keeping the public busy blaming another person, country or group. The bottom line is that scapegoating, although it may seem convenient at the time, does not actually solve anything! It can lead to violence, hatred, segregation, and more serious issues. There are very rare instances of anything positive coming from scapegoating in a family setting, and even more within society and politics. How to cite Scapegoating, Essay examples

How to Check the Verticality of High Rise Building free essay sample

How to check the verticality of High rise building? The plumb bob is the most commonly used tool for monitoring the verticality of a building under construction. Two plumb bobs at at the end of each face of a building, Extending up to a fixed height from the base of the tower, so that same reference points are used at all time, can give the best result. Using the plumb bob i could complete the construction of a 80m tall rectangular structure at a cement plant, within the specified tolerance of H/1000 with ease. Alternatively total station also can be used for monitoring the Northing Easting of the four corner of the building at each level. To achieve this four reference pillars / fixed station are to be established on the ground away from the tower, from where the corners of the building can be viewed thro the telescope of total station till the building reaches its total height. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Check the Verticality of High Rise Building? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If it is possible to instal permanently, the laser plumb can be used for measuring the deviation. The tranmiter is to be fixed at the base and the target glass plate is to be attached to the moving form work permanently. This method is used in the construction of circular silos / Chimneys wherein the slip form method is used for raising the RCC tower. For the affordable GPS may handy with proper integration. I am yet to try this, no idea about limitation cost. I hope the above is of some use.

Design of Upholstered Furniture for a Family

Upholstered furniture is one of the most popular and reliable types of furniture that is mostly used by families in different countries. Its reliability is closely connected to its framing, material, quality, and comfort (King 54). As a rule, people would like to have such upholstered furniture in their dining rooms, family rooms, and bedrooms. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Design of Upholstered Furniture for a Family specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is not only a chance to provide people with comfort and space but also to help them use their own style of life, interests, and abilities to create proper furniture around. The idea to upholster furniture is not new: it is possible to track its roots in the Victorian era. However, nowadays, people’s tastes and requirements differ considerably so that the peculiarities of this craft are also different. In this paper, the design of upholstered furniture fo r a family of six people will be developed. To succeed in such creation, it is necessary to evaluate family’s demands, choose several manufacturers, and analyze their positives and negatives. Considering the idea that there are four children in the family who are eager to spend much time in the room, it is necessary to present not only comfortable and reliable furniture but also make sure that the chosen furniture suits family’s life style, provide obligatory for the family room space, and make its members satisfied and safe. Family Backgrounds Family members. There are six members of the family with their own demands and interests. To choose the most successful example of upholstered furniture, it is necessary to take into consideration each family member’s ideas. A 45-year-old mother and a 50-year-old father expect to buy something comfortable, durable, and beautiful to be sure that their children are safe and sound. An 18-year-old daughter and a 15-year-old son want to see stylish and not cumbrous piece of furniture to have more place for dance and different games with friends. Though 8-year-old twins do not actually care about the material, space, and style of furniture, they would like to play in the room with big and comfortable furniture to enjoy its space and versatility. Requirements profile. The main requirements for the furniture offered by the family are the following: proper comfort to enjoy the time spent on it, obligatory safety to be sure that children cannot suffer playing around, style and taste to invite friends and relatives and demonstrate cool furniture, and compactness to have enough space for different activities. There are several windows and doors in this family room, this is why it is obligatory to find an appropriate place so that little children cannot reach windows or be injured. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Lear n More However, proper enlightenment is still a significant point, this is why it is possible to place the chosen upholstered furniture in the centre or close to the centre of the room so that it is comfortable to watch TV in front, play around the furniture (a sofa and two arm-chairs), and have more space. Manufacturers to Meet Family’s Needs The necessity to have comfortable and safe furniture makes the family rely on manufacturers whose services and products are characterized by good reputation and a considerable period in the market. The possibility to find a manufacturer online is regarded as one of the most frequently used and time-saving ideas. Online sources provide people with a chance to evaluate production, read the history of the company, and find feedbacks of different consumers. In case to design upholstered furniture for a family, the next manufacturers are chosen: Hekman, Braxton Culler, Greene Brothers, Jonathan Louis, and Fraenkel. â€Å"Upholstered item s include a large variety of constructions† (Krasny, Parker, and Babrauskas 5), and this family chooses a sofa and chairs to buy in their room. Construction and Working Methods Used by Manufacturers Hekman: style and quality The development of this manufacturer begins at the end of the 19th century. Due to its long history and quality of products, this manufacturer takes leading position in upholstered furniture market and attracts the attention of many customers. The construction methods chosen by this manufacturer are reliable and rather appealing: wooden frames promise furniture’s durability, three- or two-seating system provides the family with a chance to divide space accordingly, and back cushions are full of fibre that promotes comfort that is so important for the family under analysis. As a rule, the furniture of this manufacturer is supported by a number of sidepieces that make sofas and armchairs safe for people. Considering the main construction methods tha t are frames, springs, padding, and seating, Hekman represents one of the most successful and comfortable decisions: high-quality products meet consumers’ demands and interests. The only negative existed is high prices on its production and inability for customers make use of their own material to repair or improve this furniture properly. But still such careful selection of every ingredient, properly used hand-on techniques, and unbelievably amazing presentation turn out to be attractive for people of different age and with different styles and interests. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Design of Upholstered Furniture for a Family specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In general, the chosen manufacture introduces the following piece of furniture: comfortable seating, safe sidepieces, calm colouring, and presence of appropriate legs so that it is possible to clean under the furniture and get the necessary ob ject under it. What is more important is the weight of the furniture: it is not too heavy, and almost each member of the family (except 8-year-old children) is able to move it if necessary. Braxton Culler: casual lifestyle Functionality, passion, and style are the main characteristics of this manufacturer. Braxton Culler is not an old organization but still its reputation is good indeed, this is why more and more people are eager to use the production offered by this manufacturer. The peculiar feature of its furniture is the ability to unite each customer individual taste, lifestyle, and personal ideas. In addition to quality and comfort, this manufacturer adds consumer’s involvement into upholstered furniture production. If there is some material the customer is eager to add to the chosen model of furniture, the manufacture is able to accept in some particular cases: individualism is always appreciated, and this organization demonstrates how to respect each customer’ s demand. The National Association of Furniture together with several other furniture organization support the idea to present cleaning programs that help people take care of their upholstered furniture, and Braxton Culler has already adopted this program in order to help its customers enjoy the furniture bought day by day. This is why in case some problems and damage take place, the representatives of this organization are ready to help and provide people with necessary explanations. The construction methods used by the manufacture differ from the ones demonstrated by Hekman. Very often, Braxton Culler makes use of wicker and rattan to introduced strong and elegant furniture. By keeping its shape, it is usually impossible to break or even splinter the furniture so that parents should not worry about possible damage. The possible image of the future furniture is the following: an elegant sofa and two armchairs chosen accordingly with a strong seating system, and wooden frames that make the furniture light but solid. Greene Brothers: years of comfort The founders of this company are considered to be the expert frame builders and master upholsters, who are ready to present quality and comfort within their works. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This manufacturer’s construction methods are definite and clear: they build their own frames so that they are responsible for quality of constructions. Usually, hardwoods and laminates are used to create frames that are usually double-doweled. Seat constructions are characterized by eight-way hand-tie curl springs. Every individual spring is tied by means of polyester rope and covered by synthetic fibre. Much attention is also paid to seat cushions construction that is usually based on core tempered-steel springs and polyurethane foam that surround the springs. Due to such care about each detail of the furniture, Greene Brothers have enough grounds to say about quality and comfort offered to consumers. Cooperation with dealers makes the process of COM (customer’s own material) possible. People are so confident in Greene Brothers maturity and eager to send special material being upholstered to special orders. The idea of COM may attract any family’s attention b ecause it is possible to create furniture taking into consideration the demands of each member and be the owners of unique piece of furniture. Attention to comfort and quality makes it impossible for customers to change something in the production after it leaves the manufacturer. Jonathan Louis: philosophy of style The offered line by Jonathan Louis has a number of positive feedbacks that may attract customers’ attention: properly mechanised furniture that provide people with opportunities to use sofa in different ways and be sure about its quality, the seat cushion are supplied with special foam and other filling materials that promote comfort, variety of size makes it possible to create a cosy room that is interesting for both children and grown ups, hardwood frames present quality that is usually required by customers. The main disadvantage of this manufacturer is possible damage produced by children. Though there is a guarantee over 5 years, the possibility to break som ething exists, and the family with 4 children has to consider this fact. Fraenkel: advantage of life This progressive and dynamic manufacture is always ready to introduce a fresh look on this life. Competitive prices and attention to customer’s lifestyle and demands turn out to be winning. The high quality of wooden frames and properly arranged springs create a worthwhile competition for all the above-mentioned manufacturers. However, in comparison to the other, this organization does not support the idea of COM so that people have to choose from the catalogues and put themselves under a threat to be the owner of similar production. In regards to its positive low prices and attention to style and fashion, inability to make changes and improve production may be quite alarming. Chart of differences With the help of this chart, it is easier to define what manufacturer and under what conditions is able to present proper services and the production required. Each organization has its own positives and negatives; however, it is still possible to define what manufacturer provides its customers production of high quality and appropriate prices. In site of the fact that all manufacturers aim at presenting comfortable furniture, other aspects have to be mentioned as well in order to get a clear picture, define the differences, and make a decision concerning the manufacturer to choose. The diagram below is a good chance to look and to analyse each manufacture and observe what strengths and weaknesses all of them have. Conclusion In general, the idea to create a design project that contains proper information on upholstered furniture for a family helps to develop a number of professional and even personal skills. First, all family members’ tastes, interests, and preferences have to be taken into consideration in order to comprehend what kind of furniture is required. It is also necessary to define the functions of this furniture and clear up what kind of material, colour, and size should be used. Second, the evaluation of existed manufacturers should be made to realize what company is able to meet the demands of the family and present the production on a good level. Finally, construction and working methods of each manufacturer are different; this is why the analysis of their strong and weak points is required. After a thorough evaluation of manufacturers’ constructions, quality, and prices, it is evident that Greene Brothers is one of the companies that may be chosen to present comfortable sofa and armchairs with the possibility to use customer’s own material and consider family requirements. Works Cited King, Heidi. Design Ideas for Home Decorating. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Creative Homeowner, 2006. Krasny, John, Parker, William, J., and Babrauskas, Vytenis. Fire Behavior of Upholstered Furniture and Mattresses. Norwich, NY: William Andrew, 2001. This essay on Design of Upholstered Furniture for a Family was written and submitted by user Haven F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Funny Quotes About Women

Funny Quotes About Women Women are not easy to understand, at least according to the famous authors, poets,  entertainers, and comedians who have written on the nature of women. None of them claim to fully fathom the female mind. Find out what they really think of these  funny quotes about women - some written by men, some by women. Read wisecracks about a womans nature that make most women exclaim, Whats all the fuss about? But men say, How true, how true! Will Rogers There are two theories to arguing with a woman. Neither works. Robert Heinlein Women and cats will do as they please, and men and dogs should relax and get used to the idea. Nancy Reagan A woman is like a tea bag. She only knows her strength when put in hot water. Sigmund Freud Despite my thirty years of research into the woman soul, I have not yet been able to answer the great question that has never been answered: What does a woman want? Margaret Mead I do not believe in using women in  combat  because females are too fierce. Aristotle If women didnt exist, all the money in the world would have no meaning. James Thurber I hate women because they always know where things are. Malcolm de Chazal A woman knows how to keep quiet when she is in the right, whereas a man when he is in the right, will keep on talking. Freya Stark The great and almost only comfort about being a woman is that one can always pretend to be more stupid than one is and no one is surprised. Gloria Steinem Someone once asked me why women dont gamble as much as men do and I gave the commonsensical reply that we dont have as much money. That was a true but incomplete answer. In fact, womens total instinct for gambling is satisfied by marriage. Some of us are becoming the men we wanted to marry. Dave Barry Scientists now believe that the primary biological function of breasts is to make men stupid. Joseph Conrad Being a woman is a terribly difficult task since it consists principally in dealing with men. Ogden Nash I have an idea that the phrase weaker sex was coined by some woman to disarm some man she was preparing to overwhelm. Virginia Woolf For most of history, Anonymous was a woman. Charlotte Whitton Whatever women do they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily this is not difficult. Chris Rock There are only three things women need in life: food, water, and compliments. Mae West Good girls go to heaven. Bad girls go everywhere. Mike Vanatta Woman arent confusing. Theyre a Sudoku-Jenga puzzle surrounded by Rubiks cubes strapped to a terrorist screaming at you in another language. Ann Landers Women complain about sex more often than men. Their gripes fall into two major categories: (1) Not Enough. (2) Too Much. Harry Haenigsen Feminine intuition is a fiction and a fraud. It is nonsensical, illogical, emotional, ridiculous and practically foolproo..

Literary Analysis by Amy Hempel's. In the cemetery where AL Jolson's Essay

Literary Analysis by Amy Hempel's. In the cemetery where AL Jolson's Buried - Essay Example The narrator recalls how her only visit to the hospital was to see her best friend, who wore a surgical mask as a result of her condition and she had to do the same. Her visit had taken a quite some time because she was largely procrastinating, as the narrator did not have the courage to see her friend in such a state. From the very beginning the narrator and her friend talk about inconsequential things and then the plot sheds light on all the other fears the friend fears, such as fear of flying and fear of earthquakes; however, the main fear that the narrator is experiencing is largely the fear of losing her best friend. The story intertwines many complex human feelings such as love, attachment, communication, death and dying, and the process of grieving for the loss of loved ones. It could be deduced that despite being an aviophobe, she flies all the way to a hospital near the California coast; which is also one of the most earthquake prone areas in the United States. Thus, her wis h to see her friend during her last moment, is not only about the narrator finally confronting her friend’s imminent death but also facing all the other stimuli in her life that caused her to become increasingly fearful. (Henderson, 2001) Furthermore, the fact the narrator used to drink Canadian ginger ale and pretend that they were in Canada, is a brilliant allegory used by the author to describe the narrator’s mindset that how she uses her imagination in order to bend reality. The communication between the two friends actually the demonstrate the closeness between the two. The stories they share and the light-hearted humor that brings to the story is clearly an example of how one becomes avoidant at a crucial stage like this. The stories they share shed light in to the emotional conflict the narrator is experiencing, for instance when the narrator speaks about the first chimp was taught to speak , also lied. This shows that human beings are very similar when it comes to embracing the truth. They would lie not only for some dubious reason but the lies are in fact intended to protect them from the harshness of the truth. Therefore, out of the five stages of grief outlined by Kubler-Ross the origin of denial largely stems from the fact that the individual refuses to be honest with him or herself. The aforementioned ideas clearly demonstrate that the narrator’s fluency in the language of grief. Ideas like â€Å"the smarter knows when to disobey†¦Ã¢â‚¬ is actually another parallel that the author drew in order to underline the narrator’s for her sincerity towards her friend but at the same time, she must abandon in order to hide from the pain of watching her friend die in front of her. There are a number of other metaphors in the story that is not only appropriate to describe the narrator’s ordeal but is true for every human being. The narrator states: â€Å"So I hadn’t dared to look any closer. But now I’m doing it – and hoping that I will live through it† No one has the nerve to see eye to eye with their worst fears but certain circumstances may cause an individual to face his or her fears; even though, it may seem like their fear is so excessive that it might kill them but is obviously not necessarily so. The narrator was afraid beyond her wits, every time the thought occurred to her that her friend may die and she was close to abandoning her but yet somehow circumstances do not allow her. She believes

International relation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

International relation - Assignment Example Globalization involves the interconnection and interdependent of economy and culture of all countries internationally, and able become able to exert influence upon other nations. However, globalization has some effects on the state and the citizens involved. Globalization in social science according to (Keohane & Nye Web), asserts that it all converge on the concept that all human activities across all regions of the world are highly linked together as a result of the technological and social changes. Globalism according to the professors is the state of the world consisting of the network of independence that results from the constant flow of services, people, goods, culture, and ideas internationally. According to Keohane and Nye, globalization can lead to corporation among the separate individuals or organizations that are not in harmony with each other. The two professors in their discussion agreed that the significance role of globalization involves bringing together departed groups through the process of negotiation known as policy coordination. The agreement tries to bring peace and harmony to individuals within and internationally. The task of complex interdependence brought some complications. Keohane and Nye came up with a publication that had an in-depth understanding of the impacts of studying the international relations. The two authors try to explain the significant of an individual to study international relations (Keohane & Nye Web).

Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS)

Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) V1.5 Equation for ns changed(Removed time) Changes are bolded Before Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) was developed, theoretical studies on high swirling confined turbulent flows can only be validated by conducting experimental studies. These experimental studies require long leading time and high cost. Now, with the help of CFD, researchers are able to study these complex flows in a much shorter time and with a lower cost incurred. Many experimental studies have been conducted on the high swirling confined turbulent flows but little has been done on the computational modelling. Most of these intricate flow simulations are accomplished at the expense of high computational cost methods such as Large Eddy Simulations(LES) and Direct Numerical Simulations(DNS). Thus, a lower computational cost alternative will be very helpful in the studies of high swirling confined turbulent flows. Thus, this project will be using the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) based turbulence models in ANSYS FLUENT to simulate the high swirling confined turbulent flows in two different test cases and the results validated with experimental data. The aims and objectives are discussed as follows: Aims and Objectives Aims To validate the accuracy of RANS based turbulence models for the simulation of high swirling confined turbulent flows. Objectives To simulate the high swirling confined turbulent flows using ANSYS FLUENT with different RANS turbulence models. To compare the numerical data from the simulations with the experimental data to validate the accuracy of the turbulence models. To understand the effect of the RANS turbulence models on the predicted results. Review of Confined Swirling Flows Confined swirling flow plays an important role in various engineering fields. For example, they can enhance the mixing process in the stirred tanks, improve the separation of particles in cyclones [1] and also increases the flame stability in gas turbine combustors. So, what is a swirling flow? A swirling flow is a flow where a swirl velocity that exists in the tangential direction other than the flow motion in the axial and radial directions. The swirl velocity of the flow plays a major role in the evolution and decay process of swirling flow motion but not the radial velocity of the flow as shown in a study by Beaubert et al. [2] A swirling flow consist of two types of rotational motion. A solid body rotation at the inner region near the centerline and a free vortex motion at the outer region. [14] Solid body rotation and free vortex motion respectively has its velocity directly and inversely proportional to the radius of the pipe at the centre of their axis of rotation as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Velocity profile of swirling flow in a pipe. [4] Confined swirling flow can then be categorized into subcritical and supercritical flows. A subcritical flow has a reverse flow at the exit and is very sensitive towards changes at the exit as shown experimentally by Escudier and Keller[11]. On the other hand, the supercritical flow has no reverse flow at the exit and is insensitive towards variation at the exit.[10] Subcritical flows are formed when the ratio of maximum swirl velocity to the averaged axial velocity exceeds unity was stated in a theory by Squire[12]. Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) CFD is a methodology which is employed to study fluid flow using numerical analysis and algorithms to solve the governing flow equations. In the past, the field of fluid dynamics was made up of purely experimental and theoretical studies. CFD is considered the third approach in the studies of fluid mechanics and would complement the two existing methods. [5] The three main elements when implementing CFD are the pre-processor, solver and post-processor. The pre-processors task is to transform the input of a flow problem into a form that is suitable for the solver. During pre-processing, the geometry of the problem is defined and the flow domain is divided into smaller cells (meshing). The physical (eg: turbulence) and chemical phenomena that needs to be modelled are selected and the fluid properties are defined. Next, the boundary conditions are given to cells which interacts with the domain boundary. The solution to the flow problem is stored in the nodes in each cell. In the solver, the conservation equation containing the mass, momentum, energy and species is integrated over each cells. Then, the unknown variables of the equation are interpolated and substituted back into the equation. The solver then runs numerical techniques to solve the derivatives and flux in the cells. Lastly, the post-processor allows user to analyse the data obt ained by plotting graphs and observe the flow animation. [6] Review of Turbulence Flows All fluids in motion are governed by the conservation of mass equation and the Navier-Stokes equation. The latter equation relates the flow properties such as the velocity, pressure, density and temperature for a moving fluid. The conservation of mass equation and the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation (in Cartesian tensor notation) can be respectively written as Turbulence is shown to develop as an instability in the laminar flow through detailed analysis of the solutions for the Navier Stokes equation. [7]. In principle, Direct Numerical Simulation(DNS) can be used to simulate very accurate turbulent flow by solving the exact equations with the appropriate boundary conditions. However, it requires very large amount of computational power as this method has to represent all of the eddies from the smallest scale to the largest scale and the time step chosen must be small enough to resolve the fastest fluctuations. The turbulent eddies will be discussed in more detail in the next section. The two other methods that can be used to simulate the turbulent flows (with decreasing computational power and accuracy) would be the Large Eddy Simulation(LES) and turbulence modelling with Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equation (RANS). Basically, LES solves the governing equations partially as only the large eddies are solved using the governing equations and the filtered smaller eddies are modeled while RANS models the entire turbulence eddies and only the mean variables are calculated. For turbulence modelling, the minute details of the turbulent motion are not prioritized so only the average flow properties are solved. In a turbulent flow, the velocity field fluctuates randomly in both space and time. Despite the fluctuations, the time averaged velocity can be determined and the velocity field equation can be written as: () where is the time averaged velocity and is the fluctuating component in the velocity field. Other than the velocity, other flow properties can also be decomposed into its mean and fluctuating parts. In our simulations, the flow is assumed to be steady, have constant density and axially symmetric. Thus, the incompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations (in Cartesian tensor notation) can be written as Where is the Reynolds Stress tensor, which is a component of a symmetric second order tensor from the averaged process. The diagonal terms are normal stresses while the non-diagonal terms are shear stresses. The Reynolds Stress can be understood as the net momentum transfer due to velocity fluctuations. This term also provided unknown terms to be equation and thus, more equations have to be found to match the number of unknowns to solve the equations. A straightforward method of generating equations would be to create new sets of partial differential equations (PDEs) for each term using the original set of Navier-Stokes equation. This can be done by multiplying the incompressible NS equations by the fluctuating property and time averaging them to produce the Reynolds-Stress equation. By deriving the Reynolds Stress term, we can identify what is influencing the stress term but the problem with this approach is that more unknowns and correlations were generated and no new equations are formed to account for these unknowns. [7] Thus, these unknown terms have to be modelled to close the equation before they can be used. Review of Turbulence Eddies The velocity field fluctuations in the turbulence flows are actually the eddies in the flow. The eddies moving pass an object generates the turbulence kinetic energy and the length scale of the eddies, are determined by the diameter of the object. As the large eddy break down into smaller eddies, the turbulence kinetic energy will be passed down and eventually dissipated due to viscous forces in the flow. Thus, according to the Kolmogrov scales, the length and time scale of the smallest eddies depends on the rate they receive energy from the larger eddies, and the kinematic viscosity,. It is also noted that the rate of turbulence energy received is equal to the rate of turbulence energy dissipated so, . The Kolmogrov scales shows the length and time scale of the smallest eddies to be and respectively. [8] These expressions can then be used to determine the length and time scale ratio between the small and large eddies. () () From the equations above, we can conclude that the large eddies are several orders of magnitude larger than the small eddies. Thus, even at a low Reynolds number, the time and length ratio between the small and large eddies are significant enough to affect the number of elements and time step required to model the entire turbulent flow. Therefore, instead of solving all the eddies, turbulence modelling is required to reduce the amount of computational cost of CFD. Summary The understanding of the motions of confined swirling flows and characteristic of the subcritical and supercritical flows will be useful when explaining the simulation results. Before the simulation results are obtained, it is also important to identify the basic steps of running any CFD simulations which are the preprocessing, solving and post processing. DNS solves the exact NS equation while LES solves the equation for larger eddies and models the smaller eddies. The process of solving the exact equations takes up a lot of computational power as it would need to represent the all the turbulent eddies involved and a suitable time step has to be chosen to resolve the fluctuations. When compared to DNS and LES, RANS turbulence modelling requires the least computational power as it does not solve the exact NS equations but instead, models the entire turbulence eddy and only solves the mean average variables. The low computational cost of RANS turbulence modeling is the primary reason why this project has chosen it to simulate the confined swirling flows. However, the accuracy of this methods requires validation, which is the aim of this project. The RANS turbulence models created will be based on the PDEs of the Reynolds stress as a guideline as it shows how the Reynold stress behave. Thus, the next section will elaborate more about the RANS turbulence models that will be implemented in this project. The main objective of the RAN based turbulence models are to model the (Reynolds Stress tensor) and provide closure to the RANS equation. The three main categories of the turbulence models are linear eddy viscosity models, non-linear viscosity models and Reynolds Stress Model(RSM). [9] There are three types of linear eddy viscosity models: algebraic models, one equation models and two equation models. They are based on the Boussinesq hypothesis which models the Reynolds stress tensor to be proportional to the mean rate of strain tensor, by a coefficient named the eddy viscosity,. This infers that the turbulence flow field acts similarly to a laminar flow field. [10] (5) The second term of the right hand side of the equation above is required when solving turbulence models that needs to calculate the turbulent kinetic energy, k from the transport equations. The equation for k is half the trace of the Reynolds Stress tensor. For the algebraic turbulence models, no additional PDE equations are created to describe the transport of the turbulent flux and the solutions are calculated directly from the flow variables. An algebraic relation is used as closure based on the mixing length theory. The mixing length theory states that the eddy viscosity have to vary with the distance from the wall. However, the problem with these equations are that they do not account for the effects of turbulence history. In order to improve the turbulent flow predictions, an additional transport equation for k is solved which will replace the velocity scale and include the effects of turbulence flow history. For one and two-equation models, the modeled k equation is involved thus discussion on the exact k equation will first be done. The exact k equation is a PDE derived by multiplying the incompressible NS equations with , averaging it and multiply with . The exact k PDE equation obtained is The left hand side(LHS) terms are the material derivative of k which gives the rate of change of turbulent kinetic energy. The first term on the right hand side(RHS) is the production term and represents the turbulent kinetic energy that an eddy will gain due to the mean flow strain rate. The second term on the RHS represents the dissipation term which meant the rate at which the kinetic energy of the smallest turbulent eddy being transferred into thermal energy due to the work done by the fluctuating strain rate against the fluctuating viscous stresses. The third term on the RHS is the diffusion term which represents the diffusion of turbulent energy by molecular motion. The last term of the RHS is the pressure-strain term which signifies the tendency to redistribute the kinetic energy in the flow due to the turbulent and pressure fluctuations. In order to close and solve the k equation, the Reynolds Stress, dissipation, diffusion and pressure-strain term has to be specified. For the Reynolds Stress term, it is already mentioned at the beginning that it is based on the Boussinesq hypothesis. The eddy viscosity, is modelled similarly to how it was done for the algebraic models Where is a constant, the length scale of turbulence eddies, is similar the mixing length and velocity scale of the turbulence eddies is replaced by the square root of the turbulence kinetic energy, k. The equation above is an isotropic relation which means that it is assumed that the momentum transport is the same in all direction at any point. Next, the dissipation term is modelled based on the assumption that the rate of turbulence energy received is equal to the rate of turbulence energy dissipated. Thus, we can write the equation and since the equation is homogenous, it can be characterized by the length and velocity scale of turbulence eddies giving Where is a constant. For the diffusion and pressure-strain term, the sum is modelled based on the gradient diffusion transport mechanism as there is the pressure-strain term is small for incompressible flows. The gradient transport mechanism implies that there is a flux of k down the gradient. It is to help ensure that the solutions are smooth and a boundary condition can be applied on k when k is in the boundary. There is no Therefore, the equation shows Where is the turbulent Prandtl number and is normally equal to one. -not completed will talk about the modeled turbulent kinetic energy in one equation spalart allmaras -will talk about dissipation part for 2 equation model in k-e This test case is chosen because the flow was mapped and documented in detail as So et al was able to measure and document the flow in detail using a Laser Doppler Velocimetry(LDV) at 10 axial stations up to 40d downstream. Thus, the validation of the accuracy of the RANS turbulence models on confined high swirling flow can be done. Description of Test Case The flow consists of an annular high swirling stream projected into a pipe of uniform radius, R = 62.5mm with a central non-swirling jet of diameter, d = 8.7mm. The swirl number, S of the flow is calculated with Where U is the axial velocity and W is the swirl velocity. The swirl number just downstream of the swirl generator is approximately 2.25 which indicates that it is a high swirling flow and will cause an adverse pressure gradient at the centreline. The purpose of the non-swirling jet was to delay the occurrence of reverse flow due to the adverse pressure gradient along the centreline from 12d to 40d downstream from the inlet. Geometry (Computational Domain) The confined swirling flow in this case is a subcitical flow according to the rule of thumb of Squire mentioned in Section x. Thus, two different computational domains were used for the simulation of the flow to check if the exit geometry will affect the swirling flow simulated. Figure 2 (temporary figure) The first computational domain is the complete geometry of the pipe which consist of the computational inlet at x/d =1 and the constriction of 0.75R from x/d = 70 to the computational outlet at x/d = 90. The second computational domain is a cut off from the first domain at x/d = 55 where the constriction is removed. Meshing -have not completed it. Will be updated in the next revision. Boundary Conditions Inlet The inlet experimental measurements for the axial and tangential velocity and stresses are provided. However, the radial velocity component was not measured and is set to 0 rad/s. The radial stress is also not measured and was set equal to the tangential stress, whereas the three shear stresses are assumed to be zero. < graphs of prescribed to be added> Outlet Conditions at the outlet are not known prior to solving the flow problem. No conditions are defined at the outflow boundaries as ANSYS FLUENT will extrapolate the required information from the interior. It is assumed that the flow is fully developed at the exit end thus the outflow boundary condition is used. (dphi/dx|exit = 0) Wall The no slip condition is applied.

Ethics and Compensation Essay

Results of the Internal Revenue Service Exempt Organizations Executive Compensation Compliance Project had reviewed the compensation practices of several corporations in the United States, pointed the issues on tax compliance and further identified areas of abuse. On its report, high amounts of compensation were recorded in several cases, however the IRS by and large assessed them to be substantiated based on comparability data (McGookin, 2007). Several conspiracies are being worked on by the IRS regarding the executive compensation compliance aspect. It was those controversies, besetting the current compensation of the executives in particular, that have rendered the broad public in full skepticism, according to â€Å"The 2007 Wharton Economic Summit Panel† . The apparent frequency imposed by companies or corporations in redesigning their executive programmes, along with its long-term incentives, generally poses a grave predicament in the ethics of corporal business (McGookin, 2007). The principal issue of compensation at present is the way by which CEOs of large corporations in the US have made an amount of money from just one day on a work that an average employee can earn for a matter of year. According to the Associated Press survey, the total compensation of the major corporations have averaged a total of $10. 8 million, which is roughly 364 more times the salary of an average American worker. While executives continue to accumulate more wealth while in throne of service, workers underneath the rung, on the other hand were granted the first federal minimum wage increase. However, the minimum wage, which is only $5. 85 still falls underside where the minimum salary in real terms had tumbled a decade ago (Simon, 2007). An issue in † The Wall Street Journal† (2007) , moreover, had reported that there was an increase in the regularity of pay growth among workers in 2006. Furthermore, an increase on the salaries and bonuses of chief executives among the 350 US major corporations was likewise put in record. However, delving deeper into the matter of increases in compensation, it seems unjust that half of the executives working with several major US Corporations have enjoyed a total compensation, that which includes salaries, bonuses and stock options, which on the other hand was over a hundred times the average wage of a US worker. Such data proves that there is an apparent broadening of disparity between executive and average-earners’ compensation. The said data was supported by the Institute for Policy Studies and United for a Fair Economy wherein in one of their compilations, it was shown that a corporate CEO’s earnings in one day is comparatively equivalent to more than what average workers can make year round (McGookin, 2007 ) Provided such data, the manifestation of a complete American-executives-domination is put in line. To add further with the pleasure these executives enjoy, the value of their possible pensions were shown to have grown by an average of $ 1. 3 million (Simon, 2007). Clearly, a medium that has long been of significance in retaining, attracting and motivating individuals to work is the tool of â€Å"reward†. But reward shall be accorded in proper distribution to appropriate individuals because getting it wrong may put the potential of demotivation and/or loss of talent instead . Standard and Poor’s 500 compensation issue On a preliminary analysis done by the Corporate Library documented that the CEO of Standard and Poor’s 500 company made an average of total compensation amounting over $14. 78 million in 2006 (Simon,2007). The cumbersome issue and predicament regarding the executive compensation were highlighted in 2006, when a large amount of severance packages were apportioned to departing CEOs whose performance does not nearly qualify a standard. The remaining CEOs then were attacked by backdating scandals in relation with stock options in their companies. According to Simon (2007), the flaws in the compensation system were uncovered through the said backdating indignities, in which the seated CEOs are privileged to take what they like within their companies and the shareholders with impunity. Disney’s compensation issue Take for another example the compensation issues at Disney. Shareholders of Disney polled at a 45% no confidence vote for CEO Eisner regarding his re-election. Some investors were rankled to know that Eisner himself was the beneficiary of the board’s decision to double the CEO’s salary, which amounts to $2 million (The Pay Gap,2007). Despite the fact that Disney’s stock is improving, there substantiates an apparent and unnecessary relationship between shareholder value and executive compensation. Practically speaking, such relationship in the business arena allocates an unjust proportion of benefits towards the executives. A rise in the stock price is cordially adhered with the notion of welcome salvation for the employed executives but, tying everything to compensation or rewards, is the company’s performance in progress over time? Ethically, any switching in the approaches of putting management interests over that of the shareholder’s interest that Disney bargains into will not do any good for the company (The Pay Gap, 2007). Yahoo’s compensation issue Evidently, the high cost of primary executive wage has induced in recent years as the amount of wages likewise increase and stock options were luxuriously paid off. Terry Sernel of Yahoo Inc. gained a total of $71. 7 million in 2006, according to the AP filings. Roughly, such amount is estimated to be $20 million and 20% more of the gross box office take spearheaded by A-list actors as Brad Pitt or Leonardo DiCaprio (the Pay Gap, 2007).

Reflection on the History & Systems of Psychology Essay

Pre-modern, modern and postmodern frames of reference have all helped shape important, contemporary psychological theories and issues. In this paper I will attempt, in a reflective manner, to walk through and revisit the areas we covered in course, the end aim being to gain a measure of insight into where the field of psychology stands today, particularly with regard to oppressive forms of ethnocentric monoculturalism. In terms of pre-modern perspectives, in the course we first discussed historical issues concerning the mind-body problem. I stated the nature of the relationship between body and mind and whether they are one and the same or two distinct substances, which is the center of the debate between monists and dualist. Descartes, the most well known dualist, argued for a separation of mind from soul and body. Also an interactionist, Descartes held the mind influenced the body as much as the body impacted the mind (Goodwin, 2009). Plato, his predecessor from antiquity, was also a dualist and an interactionist arguably, and believed the body and soul/mind were temporarily at one during life; each came from a completely different place, the body from the material world and the soul from the world of ideas. At the moment of death, the body withered away in time and space, the soul or mind returning to the world of forms and there realizing universal truths (Wozniak, 1992). Delving deeper into pre-modern views of the mind-body problem I touched upon Spinoza. Spinoza, a contemporary of Descartes, dismissed Descartes’ two-substance view in favor of what is called double-aspect theory (Wozniak, 1992). Double-aspect theories hold the view that the mental and the physical realms are varying aspects of the same substance. For Spinoza, that single substance is God, perceived as the universal essence or nature of everything in existence. In Spinoza’s view, there is no partition of mind and body, therefore. Instead they are of a single substance, in a pre-established coordination, reflecting the divine essence. In reflection, I continue to side with Spinoza and double-aspect theory in terms of pre-modern perspectives. I do believe that there is a pre-established coordination between mind and body that is reflective of the divine creation. â€Å"I am therefore I think† is my continued response to Descartes. In terms of modern perspectives in the course we examined the origins of psychology as a subject discipline. During the course I stated that psychology first appeared as a subject discipline in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt started a psychology lab in Germany at the University of Leipzig. The laboratory devoted itself to the analysis of conscious thought in its basic elements and structures, which was uncovered through a process of introspection (Gross, 1996). What differentiated this ‘new psychology’ at the time from philosophy was its use of measurement and control as well as its emphasis on the scientific method to study mental processes relevant to human consciousness. Due to his influence on Edward B. Titchener, Wundt’s frame of reference arguably helped give birth to structuralism. Indeed Wundt’s disciple, Titchener, is credited with developing and labeling structuralism in an 1898 paper called â€Å"The Postulates of a Structural Psychology (Goodwin, 2009). In the paper he compared and contrasted structuralism with functionalism, which he claimed infested most US universities, save Cornell where he was cultivating what would come to be  called the â€Å"the Cornell school of psychology.† Notwithstanding, Goodwin (2009) has stated that Titchener and the Cornell view of psychology was extremely narrow largely because of its insistence on introspection and due to Titchener’s attitude that his way was the only way, a position that often does not bode well in academia. In this vein and perhaps arrogantly so, Titchener, likened structuralism to anatomy, its purpose being analysis he surmised — whereas functionalism he likened to physiology, stating that functionalists examine how the mind is able to adapt one to his or her said environ ment, which to Titchener was a waste of time without a deep understanding of structure. As one needs to know the ins and outs of human anatomy before being able to fully delve into physiology, so thus was the  functionalist at a loss, in his view, without the ability to outline the structures of human consciousness via a highly difficult process of systematic, experimental introspection as stipulated by him in almost cult like exclusivity, which spawned criticism. Accordingly, his movement never gained the momentum it needed to win American hearts and minds, falling into the dustbin of history in favor of functionalism. Nevertheless, in spite of Titchener’s unpopularity in the US, his enduring contribution is that he helped create a place for the lab and experimental psychology in all colleges and universities with programs in psychology. While functionalists were also interested in looking at mental processes such as consciousness in so far as assessing human behavior in terms of how it aided people in adapting to ever-changing environments, they did not, unlike followers of Titchener, emphasize introspection (Goodwin, 2009). Psychologist James R. Angell, a follower of John Dewey, the founder of functionalism in America, became its most outspoken spokesperson, criticizing Titchener and drawing a sharp contrast to him in a 1907 popular paper called â€Å"The Province of Functional Psychology.† It was a damning response to Titchener’s 1898 paper. For Angell, the structuralist was  interested in the â€Å"what?† of conscious thought, whereas the functionalist psychologist wished to know the â€Å"how?† and â€Å"why?† of it, asking what is consciousness for? (Goodwin, 2009). This way of viewing psychology in terms of its practical applications, became an important influence in modern times, because it led to the study of topics such as developmental and abnormal psychology, in addition to examining the individual differences of mind, (which Titchener and the Cornell school remarkably had no interest in). When asking how psychology can be used to solve everyday problems in a practical way, we are taking from the functionalists and their movement. Perhaps the most prominent movement in the field of modern 20th century psychology was behaviorism. Behaviorism began essentially due to the work of Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov who did not consider himself a psychologist, but, rather a physiologist interested in the process of digestion in dogs, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904 (the year B. F. Skinner was born) in Physiology and Medicine. In the course of his research, Pavlov observed that the dogs would often start salivating before any food being given to them, when they would see the food or the food’s container, or when they heard the footsteps of the lab assistant who was on his way to feed them. His observations led to the study to what we now call classical conditioning (Gross, 1996). The first attempt to apply Pavlov’s findings on conditioning to humans was made by John B. Watson in a dubious and arguably unethical experiment on a small boy named Albert, showing that the fear of rats can be deliberately induced (Watson and Rayer, 1920). The experiment served to popularize a new behavioral approach to psychology that would within a decade become the dominant force in America, Watson its founder, propagator and publicist (Goodwin, 2008). To the modernist Watson (1913), psychology is an objective natural science,  its theoretical goal the prediction and control of behavior. Wundt and Titchener’s view on introspection has no place in its methods, nor is consciousness addressed or studied. There is no marked borderline between people and animals. Due to Watson’s input and influence cats, dogs, rats, and pigeons became the major source of psychological data. As ‘psychological’ now meant ‘behavior’ rather than ‘consciousness,’ animals that were easier to study and whose environments could be more readily controlled could replace people as experimental subjects (Gross, 1966). B. F. Skinner, also a behaviorist and modernist, went steps further than Pavlov and Watson, casting behavior in a more interactive light. He made a distinction between respondent and operant behavior and argued that most animal and human behavior is not brought about in the way Pavlov and Watson indicated and surmised. Skinner, like Edward Thorndike before him, was interested in how animals operate on their environment and how this operant behavior brings about particular consequences that can determine the likelihood of that behavior being repeated. In experiments he used a variation of Thordike’s puzzle-box, a Skinner box, which was made for a rat or a pigeon to do things in, rather than escape from. Fundamentally, Skinner saw the learner as much more actively involved than did Pavlov or Watson, for whom behavior was due to stimuli, unconditioned stimuli before learning and conditioned stimuli after learning. In addition to behaviorism, modern views of psychology took twists and turns. As a reaction to both Titchener’s structuralism and Watson’s behaviorism, the Gestalt psychologists of the 1920s and 1930s in Germany and Austria were primarily concerned with perception and held that perceptions could not be deconstructed in the way that Wundt and Titchener wanted to do with thought, and that behaviorists had sought for with behavior. Their belief could be  succinctly stated as follows: ‘the whole is greater than the sum of its parts’ (Gross, 1996, p.3). The whole is essentially destroyed when you break down perception and behavior into parts, the Gestalt psychologists held. There are organizing principles of perceptual organization which were voiced by Gestalt’s founder Max Wertheimer. These principles are frequently highlighted in units on perception in general psychology textbooks and are as follows: the principle of proximity, the principle of similarity, the principle of continuation. All of the organizing principles have in common what is called the law of simplicity or what Gestaltists term Prà ¤gnanz. This refers to the tendency for perceptions to mirror reality as closely as possible (Goodwin, 2009). In the course I gave an example of gestalt thinking, which in reflection I would like to return to as it clearly remains in mind. I used the example of a bus stopping at a bus stop in one’s neighborhood. On a given day the bus stops at the same corner the person is accustomed to, and is recognized to be that bus. The person gets on, but has made a mistake. She did not realize that there was a route change that morning and the bus she took was numbered differently. What gives? Is it only a matter of not paying attention? In Gestalt inspired, top-down conceptually driven processing, we begin with one’s prior knowledge, motivations, expectations and beliefs. In the bus example, the inability to see and decipher or register a different number on the bus and get on it, means it was recognized it to be the customary bus due to top-down processing (Danner, 2009). If one were to notice the different bus number, however, that would entail bottom-up processing, because such processing is data driven. The different number is perceived in terms of information in the sensory input, in conjunction with top-down processing, revealing to the person that it is not the customary bus. Perhaps after realizing her mistake, the person in  the example will be more careful next time, thereby exercising more bottom-up processing. If Austria was home to some of Gestalt’s most prominent members and adherents, it was also home to Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. Freudian psychoanalytic theory was the first to state the significance of innate drives and define abnormal and normal behavior in relationship to the role of the unconscious mind. Its importance is that the theory of personality popularized contextualizing human behavior in terms of the id, ego, and superego, notating development in five psychosexual stages. Each stage was marked by shifts in what Freud believed were the underlying modes of gratification: oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital (Glassman, 2000). In reflection, I continue to find merit in Freud’s concept of stages for sure. I would still prefer to call them development stages, however, and not necessarily put a sexual meaning on them, as Freud and his supporters have done and continue to do. There is no need to detail the well-known limitations and criticisms of Freudian theory, which according to Glassman (2000) are its falsifiability, the great deal of emphasis put on case studies, and its cultural bias towards women. Regardless of such naysaying, his supporters would passionately argue for and be adamant about such a sexual narrative of the human person, which if not fodder, certainly has entertainment value. In fact, Freudian theory is fascinating to me largely due to the dramatic (almost cinematic) conflicts and challenges that mark each psychosexual stage. Perhaps the most well-known of these is the Oedipal conflict (which occurs in the so-called phallic stage). It was interesting to read that some analysts calle d the female variant, the Electra conflict, but Freud himself did not use the term (see Freud 1924). Perhaps the most attractive modern theory of personality, in my view, would belong to Carl Rogers. In Carl Roger’s theory, a person is the source of his  or her basic needs such as food and water. He or she is also the source of a growth motive which he called an actualizing tendency, which is an innate drive that is reflective of the desire to grow, to develop and to develop one’s capabilities (Glassman, 2000). It is the actualizing tendency that stimulates creativity, causing a person to seek out new challenges and skills that motivate healthy growth in one’s lifetime (Gross, 1996). According to Rogers (1961, but originally proposed in 1947): Whether one calls it a growth tendency, a drive towards self-actualization, or a forward moving direction tendency, it is the mainspring in life†¦ It is the urge which is evident in all organic and human life – to expand, extend, become autonomous, mature and develop. In reflection, I continue to feel that Roger’s influence and continuing popularity in the psychotherapeutic community give his theories merit. APA members have been asked which psychotherapist they believe to me the most influential figure in the field (Smith, 1982). In 2006, this survey repeated in the Psychotherapy Networker. In both surveys, Carl Rogers was the â€Å"landslide† choice. While this does not prove Rogers to be correct, certainly it gives his theory of motivation more credence than not, increasing its believability. Certainly, I feel influenced by Rogers as I move forward in my career. While Roger’s theory of an actualizing tendency and the overall nature of the client-centered approach may be controversial due to its allowance to let the client call the shots and as stated by Goodwin (2009) for its overemphasis on the the self at the expense of the importance of the community, in addition to being clearer what it was against than what it was for, it is nevertheless, a credible postulation in terms of its application in therapy and remains my preference over Freud. Accordingly, I continue to feel that all clients  innately wish to be successful in life and to be praised as contributors to their own selfactualization. They wish to expand their knowledge and achieve  higher levels of success beneath all the guises that seem otherwise. When clients are not performing to their fullest potential, praise and support can help ignite the actualizing tendency in a manner that would otherwise have remained dormant. When exploring postmodern views of psychology we have to inherently speak about cultural narratives and meta-narratives. What is psychology today and who defines it? What is psychology’s story, who told that story historically, and who gets to tell it today? When we look at psychology as a practice, historically and today, is important to bring to the fore the ethnocentric monocultural aspects that were oppressive to women and continue to be to minority groups in reinforcing white male Euro-American culture as the normative and desirable culture. Indeed, therapists and helping professionals should try to help deconstruct and unveil monoculturalism whenever it rears its despicable head. When oppressive forms such as heterosexism, ageism, gender and sexism come to the fore in therapy, for example, therapists should not reinforce them but try to encourage reflection on such prejudices with the aim being for the client to indentify for what it is – and to grow accordingly. The field of psychology itself is not immune but remains at risk to the debacle of monoculturalism. According to Yutrzenka, Todd-Bazemore and Caraway (1999) even though the data forecast that by 2050, ethnic minorities will make up over 50% of the US population, this quickly changing demographic has minimal effect on the number of ethnic minority psychologists. This is particularly true for Native Americans, who are far more underrepresented than any other ethnic body. Though the APA as stated by Goodwin (2009), is vigorously addressing this entire issue at present, with such efforts to be praised, still the legacy of ethnocentric monoculturalism is a stain on the profession, and will remain so until  significant numbers of minority psychologists abound. In spite of the barriers confronting them, women and minorities have made many notable, valuable and vital contributions to the field of psychology. During the course I discussed Eleanor Gibson who received the National Medal of Science in 1992 for a lifetime of research on topics dealing with the development of depth perception to the fundamentals involved in reading, faced discrimination while at Yale from psychologist Robert Yerkes who wanted no females in his lab (Goodwin, 2009). While she was able to get her PhD there under the guidance of the neobehaviorist Clark Hull, she unfortunately went on to experience difficulties at Cornell (where her husband had gained a position) forced into an unpaid research associate position in spite of winning competitive and prestigious research grants. As a result of these grants, however, she was able to carry out pioneering studies on depth perception with Richard Walk. When Cornell, home to Titchener’s legacy, removed its nepotism rules in 1966, only then did she become a full professor. Furthermore, as discussed in the course, African-Americans have also made outstanding contributions to psychology. Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark again come to mind in terms of their best known research titled Racial identification and preference in Negro children (Goodwin, 2009). In this research it was shown that black children showed a preference for white dolls over black ones when asked which they would like to play with and looked more like. The Clarks concluded, according to Goodwin (2009) that one insidious effect of racial segregation was its negative influence on African-American self-esteem. As a result of this research, in part, the Supreme Court was compelled to do the right thing and reverse the racist separate but equal doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education. The Clarks’ contribution to psychology and the contributions of other AfricanAmericans preceding them were not without struggle. Their mentor at Howard University, Francis Sumner faced huge obstacles when attempting to get a graduate degree and gain employment in academia. African-Americans have often had their basic intellectual abilities questioned (Goodwin, 2009). The legacy of white racism and of the field of psychology’s complicity by not taking a firmer stand until only recently is without question a significant reason why African-Americans remain heavily underrepresented in the profession, in spite of the gains made for women. 60 percent of doctorates in psychology are awarded to women today, while Native Americans as we discussed and African-Americans continue to be awarded a paltry percentage in turn. Such dismal figures have nothing to do with intelligence. We know that early intelligence tests were normed on just Caucasian, middle-class populations and only recently has such bias been addressed and perhaps abated. This also was the case for the MMPI personality tests as well. In the case of the MMPI, many of the original items became dated and according to Kassin (2008), to bring the test up to the 21st century and more postmodern views, new items were written in, and a more diverse cross-section of the US was sampled. The result of that updating is the newer 567-item version called the MMPI-2. In reflection, my guess is that similar advances have been made or are being considered in IQ testing as well; otherwise we would have to call into question whether biased IQ tests are valid for minority groups. Accordingly, great care should be taken when formulating test questions as well as interpreting the results of test-takers from different cultural groups and urban tribes. Fundamentally, it is crucial that test makers be made aware of cultural differences when putting together IQ test questions, as recommended for the MMPI (Church 2001). Exercising caution does not mean  minority groups are treated with kid gloves, but rather that a lens of understanding is in place — and that can come about as a result of the test makers and assessors informing themselves. Otherwise an IQ test’s validity for minority groups is at issue. Pre-modern, modern and postmodern frames of reference have all helped shape important, contemporary psychological theories and issues. Accordingly, I have attempted in a reflective manner to revisit the areas of psychology’s history we covered in course. If psychology as a profession is to continue to grow and develop, it will occur through a similar process of reflection, followed by action. It is important for psychology to know its origins, its history and respective story. However, in realization of the depth of ethnocentric monoculturalism, its leadership, particularly in the APA, must act on the call to bring about the inclusion of more minorities. Otherwise, the oppressive stain of monoculturalism shall abound and continue to blemish the profession we hold dear. References Angell, J.R. (1904). Psychology. New York: Holt. Church, A.T. (2001). Personality measurement in cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Personality, 69, 979-1006. Danner, N. (2011). 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